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The Effects of Socioeconomic Status and Health on Transitions in Living Arrangements and Mortality: A Longitudinal Analysis of Elderly Finnish Men and Women From 1997 to 2002

¹ Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Helsinki, Finland.
² Population Research Unit, Department of Sociology, University of Helsinki, Finland.

Address correspondence to Pekka Martikainen, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies & Population Research Unit, Department of Sociology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18, FIN-00014. E-mail: pekka.martikainen{at}helsinki.fi

Objectives. Objectives were to study the effects of socioeconomic factors on transitions in living arrangements and mortality for men and women.

Methods. We used a sample of Finns aged 65 years and older living alone or with a partner at the end of 1997 (N = 250,787) drawn from population registers, and followed them up for transitions in living arrangements (with partner, alone, with others, institutionalized) and death at the end of 2002.

Results. Health conditions associated with functional difficulties were major determinants of institutionalization and death and were associated with transitions between private households. Low income among men and in particular not owning a home were independently associated with institutionalization and death among those living alone or with a partner at baseline. Among those living with a partner, the transition to living alone was associated with all socioeconomic factors but most strongly with a low income and not owning a home. Transitions to living with others were associated in particular with low occupational social class and education.

Discussion. Variations in the associations of different socioeconomic indicators with living arrangement transitions imply different social pathways. However, material socioeconomic indicators dominated other measures of socioeconomic status in determining such transitions, and their effects were only partly mediated by chronic conditions.

Key Words: Living arrangements • Socioeconomic status • Finland