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RESEARCH ARTICLE |
a University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
b University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
c Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
d I.D.E.A.S. Incorporated, Kirtland, Ohio
e Philadelphia Geriatric Center, Pennsylvania
f Hebrew Home for the Aged, Riverdale, New York, and Columbia University Stroud Center, New York
g University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
h Mather Institute on Aging, Evanston, Illinois, and Rush Institute on Aging, Chicago, Illinois
i University of Kansas, Lawrence
Philip D. Sloane, Goodwin Distinguished Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, 725 Airport Rd. CB 7590, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7590 E-mail: psloane{at}med.unc.edu.
Decision Editor: Fredric D. Wolinsky, PhD
Objective. To develop an observational instrument that describes the ability of physical environments of institutional settings to address therapeutic goals for persons with dementia.
Methods. A National Institute on Aging workgroup identified and subsequently revised items that evaluated exit control, maintenance, cleanliness, safety, orientation/cueing, privacy, unit autonomy, outdoor access, lighting, noise, visual/tactile stimulation, space/seating, and familiarity/homelikeness. The final instrument contains 84 discrete items and one global rating. A summary scale, the Special Care Unit Environmental Quality Scale (SCUEQS), consists of 18 items. Lighting items were validated using portable light meters. Concurrent criterion validation compared SCUEQS scores with the Professional Environmental Assessment Protocol (PEAP).
Results. Interrater kappa statistics for 74% of items were above .60. For another 10% of items, kappas could not be calculated due to empty cells, but interrater agreement was above 80%. The SCUEQS demonstrated an interrater reliability of .93, a test–retest reliability of .88, and an internal consistency of .81–.83. Light meter ratings correlated significantly with the Therapeutic Environment Screening Survey for Nursing Homes (TESS-NH) lighting items (r = .29–.38, p = .01–.04), and the SCUEQS correlated significantly with global PEAP ratings (r = .52, p < .01).
Discussion. The TESS-NH efficiently assesses discrete elements of the physical environment and has strong reliability and validity. The SCUEQS provides a quantitative measure of environmental quality in institutional settings.
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